Enforcing CPU allocation in a heterogeneous IaaS

International audienceIn an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), the amount of resources allocated to a virtual machine (VM) at creation time may be expressed with relative values (relative to the hardware, i.e., a fraction of the capacity of a device) or absolute values (i.e., a performance metric which is independent from the capacity of the hardware). Surprisingly, disk or network resource allocations are expressed with absolute values (bandwidth), but CPU resource allocations are expressed with relative values (a percentage of a processor). The major problem with CPU relative value allocations is that it depends on the capacity of the CPU, which may vary due to different factors (server heterogeneity in a cluster, Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS)). In this paper, we analyze the side effects and drawbacks of relative allocations. We claim that CPU allocation should be expressed with absolute values. We propose such a CPU resource management system and we demonstrate and evaluate its benefits

Système d'Administration Autonome Adaptable : application au Cloud

Ces dernières années ont vu le développement du cloud computing. Le principe fondateur est de déporter la gestion des services informatique des entreprises dans des centres d'hébergement gérés par des entreprise tiers. Ce déport a pour principal avantage une réduction des coûts pour l'entreprise cliente, les moyens nécessaires à la gestion de ces services étant mutualisés entre clients et gérés par l'entreprise hébergeant ces services. Cette évolution implique la gestion de structures d'hébergement à grande échelle, que la dimension et la complexité rendent difficiles à administrer. Avec le développement des infrastructures de calcul de type cluster ou grille ont émergé des système fournissant un support pour l'administration automatisée de ces environnements. Ces systèmes sont désignés sous le terme Systèmes d'Administration Autonomes (SAA). Ils visent à fournir des services permettant d'automatiser les tâches d'administration comme le déploiement des logiciels, la réparation en cas de panne ou leur dimensionnement dynamique en fonction de la charge. Ainsi, il est naturel d'envisager l'utilisation des SAA pour l'administration d'une infrastructure d'hébergement de type clouds. Cependant, nous remarquons que les SAA disponibles à l'heure actuelle ont été pour la plupart conçus pour répondre aux besoins d'un domaine applicatif particulier. Un SAA doit pouvoir être adapté en fonction du domaine considéré, en particulier celui de l'administration d'un cloud. De plus, dans le domaine du cloud, différents besoins doivent être pris en compte : ceux de l'administrateur du centre d'hébergement et ceux de l'utilisateur du centre d'hébergement qui déploie ses applications dans le cloud. Ceci implique qu'un SAA doit pouvoir être adapté pour répondre à ces besoins divers. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la conception et l'implantation d'un SAA adaptable. Un tel SAA doit permettre d'adapter les services qu'il offre aux besoins des domaines dans lesquels il est utilisé. Nous montrons ensuite comment ce SAA adaptable peut être utilisé pour l'administration autonome d'un environnement de cloud. ABSTRACT : Last years have seen the development of cloud computing. The main underlying principle of to externalize the management of companies' IT services in hosting centers which are managed by third party companies. This externalization allows saving costs for the client company, since the resources required to manage these services are mutualized between clients and managed by the hosting company. This orientation implies the management of large scale hosting centers, whose dimension and complexity make them difficult to manage. With the developement of computing infrastructures such as clusters or grids, researchers investigated the design of systems which provides support of an automatized management of these environments. We refer to these system as Autonomic Management Systems (AMS). They aim at providing services which automate administration tasks such as software deployment, fault repair or dynamic dimensioning according to a load. Therefore, in this context, it is natural to consider the use of AMS for the administration of a cloud infrastructure. However, we observe that currently available AMS have been designed to address the requirements of a particular application domain. It should be possible to adapt an AMS according to the considered domain, in particular that of the cloud. Moreover, in the cloud computing area, different requirements have to be accounted : those of the administrator of the hosting center and those of the user of the hosting center (who deploys his application in the cloud). Therefore, an AMS should be adaptable to fulfill such various needs. In this thesis, we investigate the design and implementation of an adaptable AMS. Such an AMS must allow adaptation of all the services it provides, according to the domains where it is used. We next describe the application of this adaptable AMS for the autonomic management of a cloud environment

TUNeEngine : An Adaptable Autonomic Administration System

International audienceThe Autonomic Administration technology has proved its efficiency for the administration of complex com-puting systems. However, experiments conducted with several Autonomic Administration Systems (AAS) revealed the need to adapt the AAS according to the administrated system or the considered administration facet. Consequently, users usually have to adapt even to re-implement the AAS according to their specific needs but these tasks require high expertise on the AAS implementation that users do not necessarily have. In this paper we propose a service-oriented components approach to build a generic, flexible, and useful AAS. We present an implementation of this approach, the design principles and the prototype called TUNeEngine. We illustrate the flexibility of this prototype through the administration of a complex computing system which is a virtualized cloud platform

Implementing autonomic administration DSLs in TUNe

Software components are recognized as the most adequate approach to support autonomic administration systems. We implemented and experimented with such a system, but observed that the interfaces of a component model are too low-level and difficult to use. Consequently, we designed higher abstraction level languages for modeling administration policies. These languages are specific to our autonomic administration domain. We metamodeled and implemented these DSLs on the Kermeta framework

Cooperative Resource Management in a IaaS

International audienceVirtualized IaaS generally rely on a server consolidation system to pack virtual machines (VMs) on as few servers as possible, for energy saving. However, two situations are not taken into account, and could enhance consolidation. First, since the managed VMs can be of various sizes (small, medium, large, etc.), VMs packing can be obstructed when sizes don't fit available spaces on servers. Therefore, we would need to "split" such VMs. Second, two VMs which host replicas of the same application server (for scalability) could be "fusion Ned" when they are located on the same physical server, in order to reduce virtualization overhead and VMs memory footprint. Split and fusion operations lead to the management of elastic VMs and requires cooperation between the application level and the provider level, as they impact management at both levels. In this paper, we propose a IaaS resource management system which implements elastic VMs based on split/fusion operations and cooperative management. We show its benefit with a set of experiments

Système d'administration autonome adaptable (application au cloud)

Ces dernières années ont vu le développement du cloud computing. Le principe fondateur est de déporter la gestion des services informatique des entreprises dans des centres d'hébergement gérés par des entreprise tiers. Ce déport a pour principal avantage une réduction des coûts pour l'entreprise cliente, les moyens nécessaires à la gestion de ces services étant mutualisés entre clients et gérés par l'entreprise hébergeant ces services. Cette évolution implique la gestion de structures d'hébergement à grande échelle, que la dimension et la complexité rendent difficiles à administrer. Avec le développement des infrastructures de calcul de type cluster ou grille ont émergé des système fournissant un support pour l'administration automatisée de ces environnements. Ces systèmes sont désignés sous le terme Systèmes d'Administration Autonomes (SAA). Ils visent à fournir des services permettant d'automatiser les tâches d'administration comme le déploiement des logiciels, la réparation en cas de panne ou leur dimensionnement dynamique en fonction de la charge. Ainsi, il est naturel d'envisager l'utilisation des SAA pour l'administration d'une infrastructure d'hébergement de type clouds. Cependant, nous remarquons que les SAA disponibles à l'heure actuelle ont été pour la plupart conçus pour répondre aux besoins d'un domaine applicatif particulier. Un SAA doit pouvoir être adapté en fonction du domaine considéré, en particulier celui de l'administration d'un cloud. De plus, dans le domaine du cloud, différents besoins doivent être pris en compte : ceux de l'administrateur du centre d'hébergement et ceux de l'utilisateur du centre d'hébergement qui déploie ses applications dans le cloud. Ceci implique qu'un SAA doit pouvoir être adapté pour répondre à ces besoins divers. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la conception et l'implantation d'un SAA adaptable. Un tel SAA doit permettre d'adapter les services qu'il offre aux besoins des domaines dans lesquels il est utilisé. Nous montrons ensuite comment ce SAA adaptable peut être utilisé pour l'administration autonome d'un environnement de cloud.Last years have seen the development of cloud computing. The main underlying principle of to externalize the management of companies' IT services in hosting centers which are managed by third party companies. This externalization allows saving costs for the client company, since the resources required to manage these services are mutualized between clients and managed by the hosting company. This orientation implies the management of large scale hosting centers, whose dimension and complexity make them difficult to manage. With the developement of computing infrastructures such as clusters or grids, researchers investigated the design of systems which provides support of an automatized management of these environments. We refer to these system as Autonomic Management Systems (AMS). They aim at providing services which automate administration tasks such as software deployment, fault repair or dynamic dimensioning according to a load. Therefore, in this context, it is natural to consider the use of AMS for the administration of a cloud infrastructure. However, we observe that currently available AMS have been designed to address the requirements of a particular application domain. It should be possible to adapt an AMS according to the considered domain, in particular that of the cloud. Moreover, in the cloud computing area, different requirements have to be accounted : those of the administrator of the hosting center and those of the user of the hosting center (who deploys his application in the cloud). Therefore, an AMS should be adaptable to fulfill such various needs. In this thesis, we investigate the design and implementation of an adaptable AMS. Such an AMS must allow adaptation of all the services it provides, according to the domains where it is used. We next describe the application of this adaptable AMS for the autonomic management of a cloud environment.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

Energy-QoS Tradeoffs in J2EE Hosting Centers

International audienceNowadays, hosting centres are widely used to host various kinds of applications e.g., web servers or scientific applications. Resource management is a major challenge for most organisations that run these infrastructures. Many studies show that clusters are not used at their full capacity which represents a significant source of waste. Autonomic management systems have been introduced in order to dynamically adapt software infrastructures according to runtime conditions. They provide support to deploy, configure, monitor, and repair applications in such environments. In this paper, we report our experiments in using an autonomic management system to provide resource aware management for a clustered application. We consider a standard replicated server infrastructure in which we dynamically adapt the degree of replication in order to ensure a given QoS while minimising energy consumption

SGX Switchless Calls Made Configless

Intel's software guard extensions (SGX) provide hardware enclaves to guarantee confidentiality and integrity for sensitive code and data. However, systems leveraging such security mechanisms must often pay high performance overheads. A major source of this overhead is SGX enclave transitions which induce expensive cross-enclave context switches. The Intel SGX SDK mitigates this with a switchless call mechanism for transitionless cross-enclave calls using worker threads. Intel's SGX switchless call implementation improves performance but provides limited flexibility: developers need to statically fix the system configuration at build time, which is error-prone and misconfigurations lead to performance degradations and waste of CPU resources. ZC-SWITCHLESS is a configless and efficient technique to drive the execution of SGX switchless calls. Its dynamic approach optimises the total switchless worker threads at runtime to minimise CPU waste. The experimental evaluation shows that ZC-SWITCHLESS obviates the performance penalty of misconfigured switchless systems while minimising CPU waste.Comment: 10 pages, 53rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN

Two levels autonomic resource management in virtualized IaaS

International audienceVirtualized cloud infrastructures are very popular as they allow resource mutualization and therefore cost reduction. For cloud providers, minimizing the number of used resources is one of the main services that such environments must ensure. Cloud customers are also concerned with the minimization of used resources in the cloud since they want to reduce their invoice. Thus, resource management in the cloud should be considered by the cloud provider at the virtualization level and by the cloud customers at the application level. Many research works investigate resource management strategies in these two levels. Most of them study virtual machine consolidation (according to the virtualized infrastructure utilization rate) at the virtualized level and dynamic application sizing (according to its workload) at the application level. However, these strategies are studied separately. In this article, we show that virtual machine consolidation and dynamic application sizing are complementary. We show the efficiency of the combination of these two strategies, in reducing resource usage and keeping an application’s Quality of Service. Our demonstration is done by comparing the evaluation of three resource management strategies (implemented at the virtualization level only, at the application level only, or complementary at both levels) in a private cloud infrastructure, hosting typical JEE web applications (evaluated with the RUBiS benchmark)